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用Arch Linux installer(安装程序)安装Arch Linux

更新时间:2023-02-02 11:12:12浏览次数:399+次

通过遵循本指南,您应该能够学会如何使用Arch Linux installer(安装程序)安装Arch Linux操作系统。当前手动Arch Linux非常复杂和乏味,因为它涉及无数步骤,如果是使用Arch安装程序,它可以自动并简化安装过程。

设置要求如下

流畅的互联网连接。

USB/DVD驱动器。

至少1GB的RAM和20GB的可用硬盘空间。

64位系统。

您还需要对机器、ISO文件和命令行实用程序有基本的了解。

具体操作步骤如下

1、为Arch Linux创建可引导磁盘

对于本指南,您需要一个可引导磁盘,以便能够引导到实时模式并运行Arch Linux安装程序。

这可以是任何Linux系统ISO文件,但最推荐的是从Arch Linux下载页面下载的Arch Linux ISO文件,地址在https://archlinux.org/download/。

现在,使用以下命令创建可引导介质:

#识别USB设备

sudo lsblk

#Flash Arch Linux到USB驱动器

sudo dd bs=4M if=Arch_linux.iso of=/dev/sdX status=progress oflag=sync

记住用正确的iso路径替换Arch_linux.iso,用可引导驱动器路径替换/dev/sdX。

2、引导到实时模式

现在,使用创建的可引导磁盘,将其插入系统并从中引导。例如,引导到Arch Linux live,如下所示:

\

3、安装Arch Linux installer

默认情况下,Arch Linux installer在使用官方Arch Linux ISO时存在,无需安装。但如果您使用任何其他基于Linux的系统ISO,则需要安装它。Arch Linux的安装程序可以通过多种方式安装。这些方法包括:

1]、使用pacman安装

Arch Linux安装程序存在于默认Arch存储库中,可以按如下方式安装:

pacman -S archinstall

2]、使用PyPi安装

您还可以使用Python PIP安装Arch Linux安装程序:

pip install archinstall

3]、使用源代码安装

您也可以通过从源代码构建这个包来安装它。首先克隆GitHub存储库:

git clone https://github.com/archlinux/archinstall

通常情况下,您有两个安装软件包的选项。使用Setuptools将其安装到模块路径中:

sudo python setup.py install

或将文件夹移动到项目中,只需执行以下操作:

import archinstall

4、使用Arch Linux安装程序安装Arch Linux

Arch Linux安装程序提供了在物理或虚拟机上安装Arch Linux的最简单方法。运行引导安装有两个选项:从配置文件安装或直接安装。

运行安装程序时,可以添加一个配置文件,为所有指导步骤提供预先配置的答案。配置文件采用以下选项:

–config–仅处理语言的常规配置以及要使用的配置文件。

–disk_layouts–用于在–config中定义所选“硬盘驱动器(hard drives)”上所需的分区策略。

–creds–用于任何超级用户、用户或根帐户数据。

配置可以保存在本地或远程路径中,作为.json文件。例如,定义语言和配置文件,可以根据自己的情况进行调整,比如更改timezone选项等:

{

    "audio": "pipewire",

    "bootloader": "systemd-bootctl",

    "custom-commands": [

        "cd /home/devel; git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/paru.git",

        "chown -R devel:devel /home/devel/paru",

        "usermod -aG docker devel"

    ],

    "filesystem": "btrfs",

    "gfx_driver": "VMware / VirtualBox (open-source)",

    "harddrives": [

        "/dev/nvme0n1"

    ],

    "swap": true,

    "hostname": "development-box",

    "kernels": [

        "linux"

    ],

    "keyboard-language": "us",

    "mirror-region": "Worldwide",

    "nic": {

        "NetworkManager": true,

        "nic": "Use NetworkManager (necessary to configure internet graphically in GNOME and KDE)"

    },

    "ntp": true,

    "packages": ["docker", "git", "wget", "zsh"],

    "profile": "gnome",

    "services": ["docker"],

    "sys-encoding": "utf-8",

    "sys-language": "en_US",

    "timezone": "US/Eastern",

}

要使用配置文件,例如example.json,请按以下步骤操作:

archinstall --config example.json

下面是--creds.json文件的示例:

{

    "!root-password" : "SecretSanta2023"

}

对于--disk_layouts选项:

{

    "/dev/loop0": {

        "partitions": [

            {

                "boot": true,

                "encrypted": false,

                "filesystem": {

                    "format": "fat32"

                },

                "format": true,

                "mountpoint": "/boot",

                "size": "513MB",

                "start": "5MB",

                "type": "primary"

            },

            {

                "btrfs": {

                    "subvolumes": {

                        "@.snapshots": "/.snapshots",

                        "@home": "/home",

                        "@log": "/var/log",

                        "@pkgs": "/var/cache/pacman/pkg"

                    }

                },

                "encrypted": true,

                "filesystem": {

                    "format": "btrfs"

                },

                "format": true,

                "mountpoint": "/",

                "size": "100%",

                "start": "518MB",

                "type": "primary"

            }

        ],

        "wipe": true

    }

}

接下来运行引导安装。

对于本指南,我们将直接运行安装程序,而无需任何预定义的配置文件。请输出以下命令:

archinstall --script guided

安装程序将首先要求您进行配置。首先设置首选的键盘布局。对于本指南,我将设置美国键盘:

Testing connectivity to the Arch Linux mirrors ...

 0: by     20: pl

 1: ca     21: ro

 2: cf     22: ru

 3: cz     23: sg

 4: de     24: ua

 5: dk     25: uk

 6: es     26: us

 7: et

 8: fa

 9: fi

10: fr

11: gr

12: hu

13: il

14: it

15: lt

16: lv

17: mk

18: nl

19: no

 -- You can choose a layout that isn't in this list, but whose name you know --

 -- Also, you can enter '?' or 'help' to search for more languages, or skip to use us layout --

Select one of the above keyboard languages (by number or full name): 26

接下来设置Arch Linux镜像的位置:

0: Australia

1: Austria

2: Bangladesh

3: Belarus

4: Belgium

5: Bosnia and Herzegovina

6: Brazil

7: Bulgaria

8: Cambodia

9: Canada

10: Chile

11: China

12: Colombia

.....

34: Kenya

35: Latvia

..

 -- You can skip this step by leaving the option blank --

Select one of the above regions to download packages from (by number or full name):34

选择要进行安装的磁盘:

0: BlockDevice(/run/archiso/bootmnt/arch/x86_64/airootfs.sfs, size=0.7GB, free_space=, bus_type=None)

1: BlockDevice(None, size=0.8GB, free_space=, bus_type=sata)

2: BlockDevice(/dev/vda, size=40.0GB, free_space=, bus_type=None)

Select one or more harddrives to use and configure (leave blank to skip this step): 2

设置后,所选设备将显示“>>”,您也可以添加另一个。否则,按Enter键继续:

0: BlockDevice(/run/archiso/bootmnt/arch/x86_64/airootfs.sfs, size=0.7GB, free_space=, bus_type=None)

1: BlockDevice(None, size=0.8GB, free_space=, bus_type=sata)

2: >> BlockDevice(/dev/vda, size=40.0GB, free_space=, bus_type=None)

Select one or more harddrives to use and configure (leave blank to skip this step): Press Enter

格式化所选分区:

Select one or more harddrives to use and configure (leave blank to skip this step):

0: Wipe all selected drives and use a best-effort default partition layout

1: Select what to do with each individual drive (followed by partition usage)

Select what you wish to do with the selected block devices: 0

选择要使用的文件系统。在这里,我们将继续进行btrfs:

0: btrfs

1: ext4

2: xfs

3: f2fs

Select which filesystem your main partition should use (by number or name): 0

Would you like to use BTRFS subvolumes with a default structure? (Y/n): y

您还可以加密分区。但在这里,我们不会设置加密:

Enter disk encryption password (leave blank for no encryption): Press Enter

继续并创建交换分区:

Would you like to use swap on zram? (Y/n): y

设置首选系统主机名:

Desired hostname for the installation: arch.computingoforgeeks.com

创建超级用户。在这里,您可以通过按Enter键并创建所需的用户和密码来创建所需用户:

Enter root password (leave blank to disable root & create superuser): Press Enter

Create a required super-user with sudo privileges: thor

Password for user thor: *********

And one more time for verification: *********

Enter a username to create an additional user (leave blank to skip & continue): Press Enter

接下来,选择要进行的安装类型。首选的安装是最小的,这是一个非常基本的安装,可以稍后定制:

0: desktop: Provides a selection of desktop environments and tiling window managers, e.g. gnome, kde, sway

1: minimal: A very basic installation that allows you to customize Arch Linux as you see fit.

2: server: Provides a selection of various server packages to install and enable, e.g. httpd, nginx, mariadb

3: xorg: Installs a minimal system as well as xorg and graphics drivers.

 -- The above list is a set of pre-programmed profiles. --

 -- They might make it easier to install things like desktop environments. --

 -- (Leave blank and hit enter to skip this step and continue) --

Enter a pre-programmed profile name if you want to install one: 1

然后选择要安装的音频驱动程序:

0: pipewire

1: pulseaudio

2: none

Choose an audio server or leave blank to use none: 1

设置首选的Linux内核:

0: >> linux

1: linux-hardened

2: linux-lts

3: linux-zen

Choose which kernels to use (leave blank for default: linux): Press Enter

如果需要,还可以安装其他软件包。否则,按Enter键继续:

Only packages such as base, base-devel, linux, linux-firmware, efibootmgr and optional profile packages are installed.

If you desire a web browser, such as firefox or chromium, you may specify it in the following prompt.

Write additional packages to install (space separated, leave blank to skip):

选择要配置的网络接口:

0: Copy ISO network configuration to installation

1: Use NetworkManager (necessary to configure internet graphically in GNOME and KDE)

2: enp1s0

Select one network interface to configure (leave blank to skip): 1

设置时区和NTP:

Enter a valid timezone (examples: Europe/Stockholm, US/Eastern) or press enter to use UTC: Asia/Shanghai

Would you like to use automatic time synchronization (NTP) with the default time servers? [Y/n]: y

然后将允许预览所做的设置,按Enter键继续:

This is your chosen configuration:

{

    "audio": "pulseaudio",

    "bootloader": "grub-install",

    "dry-run": false,

    "harddrives": [

        "/dev/vda"

    ],

    "hostname": "arch.computingoforgeeks.com",

    "kernels": [

        "linux"

......

               },

                "encrypted": false,

                "filesystem": {

                    "format": "btrfs"

                },

                "format": true,

                "mountpoint": "/",

                "size": "100%",

                "start": "518MB",

                "type": "primary"

            }

        ],

        "wipe": true

    }

}

Press Enter to continue.

安装开始如下:

\

按以下步骤操作:

Enabling service systemd-timesyncd

Setting keyboard language to us

Would you like to chroot into the newly created installation and perform post-installation configuration? [Y/n] n

您可以进入安装并进行所需的配置。但对于本指南,稍后将进行配置。完成后,您应该看到:

\

5、后Arch Linux安装配置

现在,弹出安装介质并重新启动系统:

reboot now

当系统重新启动时,使用创建的用户登录,并按如下方式验证安装:

$ cat /etc/os-release

NAME="Arch Linux"

PRETTY_NAME="Arch Linux"

ID=arch

BUILD_ID=rolling

ANSI_COLOR="38;2;23;147;209"

HOME_URL="https://archlinux.org/"

DOCUMENTATION_URL="https://wiki.archlinux.org/"

SUPPORT_URL="https://bbs.archlinux.org/"

BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.archlinux.org/"

LOGO=archlinux-logo

安装所需的应用程序。我将首先安装OpenSSH服务器:

sudo pacman -Sy openssh

安装后,启动并启用服务:

sudo systemctl start sshd

sudo systemctl enable sshd

现在获取系统的IP地址并继续SSH:

$ ip a

6、在Arch Linux上安装桌面环境

如果要在系统上安装桌面环境,则需要安装所需的桌面环境:

##对于KDE

sudo pacman -S plasma kde-applications-meta

sudo systemctl enable sddm.service

##对于Gnome

sudo pacman-key --refresh-keys

sudo pacman -S xorg xorg-server

sudo pacman -S gnome gnome-extra

sudo pacman -S gdm

sudo systemctl enable gdm

##对于XFCE

sudo pacman -S xfce4 xfce4-goodies xfce4-mixer gstreamer0.10-good-plugins \ libxnvctrl xscreensaver # pacman -S lightdm lightdm-gtk-greeter

sudo systemctl enable lightdm.service

##对于Cinnamon

sudo pacman -S cinnamon

sudo pacman –S gdm

sudo systemctl enable gdm

安装后,重新启动系统以应用更改:

sudo reboot

重新启动时,登录系统:

\

Arch Linux Gnome桌面将显示如下:

\

对于Gnome,验证安装如下:

\

至此,我们已经使用Arch Linux installer(安装程序)成功地安装了Arch Linux操作系统。